Technical Specifications of Low Insertion Loss RF Circulators and Isolators

　　1. Frequency & Bandwidth Specifications

　　1.1 Operating Frequency Range

　　Satcom-Critical Bands:

　　Ku-band (12–18GHz): Optimized for consumer/broadband satcom (TV broadcasting, VSAT)

　　Ka-band (26.5–40GHz): Targeted for high-throughput satcom (HTS, LEO megaconstellations)

　　V-band (40–75GHz): Adapted for next-gen 6G satcom ultra-broadband links

　　E/W-band (71–110GHz): Emerging for sub-THz satcom/Radar integration

　　Bandwidth Coverage:

　　Contiguous bandwidth: ≥500MHz (Ku/Ka-band), ≥300MHz (V/E/W-band)

　　Relative bandwidth: 5%–10% of center frequency (ensures wideband signal transmission with stable low loss)

　　1.2 Frequency Stability

　　Temperature Drift: ≤±5ppm/℃ (center frequency variation over -60℃～150℃)

　　Aging Drift: ≤±1ppm/year (15-year satcom lifecycle compatibility)

　　2. Core Insertion Loss (IL) Specifications

　　2.1 Band-Specific Low IL Metrics

　　Ku-band (12–18GHz):

　　Typical IL (25℃): ≤0.3dB

　　Maximum IL (full temperature range): ≤0.4dB

　　IL Stability (temp/radiation): ±0.05dB (-60℃～150℃)

　　Ka-band (26.5–40GHz):

　　Typical IL (25℃): ≤0.4dB

　　Maximum IL (full temperature range): ≤0.5dB

　　IL Stability (temp/radiation): ±0.08dB (-60℃～150℃)

　　V-band (40–75GHz):

　　Typical IL (25℃): ≤0.6dB

　　Maximum IL (full temperature range): ≤0.7dB

　　IL Stability (temp/radiation): ±0.1dB (-60℃～150℃)

　　E/W-band (71–110GHz):

　　Typical IL (25℃): ≤0.8dB

　　Maximum IL (full temperature range): ≤0.9dB

　　IL Stability (temp/radiation): ±0.12dB (-60℃～150℃)

　　2.2 Loss Mechanism Control Specs

　　Dielectric Loss: Ferrite substrate tanδ < 0.0008 (Ka-band), AlN dielectric tanδ < 0.0005 (for thermal management without extra loss)

　　Conductor Loss: Gold-plated (≥2μm) signal paths (resistivity ≤2.2×10⁻⁸ Ω·m)

　　Radiation-Induced Loss Shift: ≤0.1dB after 300 krad(Si) TID exposure (GEO satcom lifecycle requirement)

　　3. Associated Performance Specifications

　　3.1 Isolation

　　Minimum Isolation (at Low IL):

　　Commercial satcom (Ku/Ka-band): ≥30dB

　　Military satcom (V/E-band, anti-jamming): ≥35dB

　　Isolation Stability: ±1dB over full temperature/radiation range (avoids interference with low-loss signal paths)

　　3.2 Return Loss (RL)

　　Input/Output RL: ≥18dB (Ku/Ka-band), ≥16dB (V/E/W-band)

　　Port-to-Port Coupling: ≤-40dB (prevents cross-talk between Tx/Rx chains in low-loss routing)

　　3.3 Power Handling

　　Average Power: 10W (Ku/Ka-band), 5W (V/E/W-band) (passive design, no power-induced loss degradation)

　　Peak Power: 100W (1μs pulse width, 10% duty cycle)

　　Thermal Resistance: ≤5℃/W (AlN substrate, ensures power dissipation without IL rise)

　　4. Environmental Tolerance Specifications

　　4.1 Temperature Range

　　Operating Temp: -60℃～150℃ (covers LEO thermal cycling ±100℃/orbit, GEO stable ±20℃)

　　Storage Temp: -85℃～180℃

　　Thermal Shock: ±100℃ (10s transition, 100 cycles, IL variation ≤0.08dB)

　　4.2 Radiation Resistance

　　Total Ionizing Dose (TID): ≥300 krad(Si) (GEO 15-year lifespan), ≥100 krad(Si) (LEO 5-year lifespan)

　　Single Event Effect (SEE):

　　Latch-up Immunity: LET ≤80 MeV·cm²/mg

　　Single Event Upset (SEU): ≤1×10⁻⁶ errors/bit-day (for MEMS-assisted models)

　　4.3 Vacuum Compatibility

　　Vacuum Level: Survives 10⁻⁶ Pa (space vacuum)

　　Outgassing Rate: ≤1×10⁻⁸ Pa·m³/s (ASTM E595 standard, no contamination to satellite optics/thermal systems)

　　Pressure Sensitivity: IL variation ≤0.05dB (10⁻⁶ Pa～1atm, for ground test compatibility)

　　5. Physical & Packaging Specifications

　　5.1 Size & Weight

　　Chip-Scale (Ka-band): 5mm×5mm×2mm (length×width×height)

　　Miniature Module (Ku-band): 10mm×8mm×3mm

　　Weight: ≤3.8g (Ka-band SIW design), ≤5g (Ku-band ferrite design) (meets LEO payload weight <500kg/satellite)

　　5.2 Packaging Material

　　Housing: Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) or ceramic (Al₂O₃ 99.5%) (lightweight, corrosion-resistant, low thermal expansion)

　　Interface: Miniature SMA (SMA-Mini) or board-to-board (BTB) connectors (impedance 50Ω, insertion loss ≤0.1dB/connector)

　　Sealing: Hermetic sealing (IP68 equivalent, leak rate ≤1×10⁻⁹ Pa·m³/s)

　　6. Reliability & Lifespan Specifications

　　6.1 Lifespan

　　Operational Lifespan: 15–20 years (matches GEO satellite lifecycle), 5–7 years (LEO constellations)

　　MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures): ≥1×10⁶ hours (at 125℃, MIL-HDBK-217 standard)

　　6.2 Mechanical Reliability

　　Vibration Resistance: 10–2000Hz, 10g acceleration (random vibration, MIL-STD-883H Method 2026), IL variation ≤0.05dB

　　Shock Resistance: 1000g, 0.1ms (half-sine, MIL-STD-883H Method 2002), no structural damage

　　MEMS Switch Endurance (if applicable): >1×10⁹ cycles (tungsten contacts, 3.3V drive)

　　7. Test & Calibration Specifications

　　7.1 Test Standards

　　IL Measurement: Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) calibrated to port (Keysight N5247A, 10MHz–67GHz), measurement accuracy ±0.02dB

　　Environmental Testing: MIL-STD-883H (radiation), MIL-STD-1540C (space environmental), ASTM E595 (outgassing)

　　Lot Acceptance Test (LAT): 100% IL screening (max IL ≤0.5dB for Ka-band), 10% radiation sampling test

　　7.2 Calibration Interval

　　Ground Calibration: Annual (after storage)

　　On-Orbit Calibration: Compatible with satcom payload self-calibration signals (IL drift ≤0.1dB/5 years, no on-orbit maintenance required)

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