Terahertz (THz) communication—operating in the 0.1–10 THz frequency range—promises transformative data rates (up to 100 Gbps), ultra-low latency, and enhanced security, making it ideal for next-generation applications like 6G networks, high-resolution imaging, and quantum communication. However, THz signals face unique challenges: they suffer from severe path loss, high absorption by atmospheric gases (e.g., water vapor), and sensitivity to component imperfections—issues where coaxial attenuators play a pivotal role. In THz systems, attenuators regulate signal levels to prevent receiver saturation, reduce intersymbol interference, and maintain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), ensuring stable data transmission.

　　Yet, adapting coaxial attenuators to THz frequencies is non-trivial. Traditional coaxial designs struggle with increased conductor and dielectric losses at THz ranges, leading to reduced efficiency and accuracy. To overcome this, researchers are developing miniaturized coaxial structures with nanoscale conductors (e.g., gold-coated carbon nanotubes) to minimize skin-effect losses. Novel dielectric materials, such as high-purity alumina or graphene-based composites, are being tested to lower dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) and improve signal propagation. Additionally, frequency-selective attenuator designs—incorporating metamaterials or thin-film resistive elements—enable precise attenuation control across narrow THz bands, critical for multi-channel communication systems. Collaborative efforts between material scientists and electrical engineers are also focusing on integrating attenuators with THz transceivers in compact, low-power modules, addressing the size and energy constraints of portable THz devices. As these innovations mature, coaxial attenuators will remain indispensable for unlocking the full potential of THz communication, bridging the gap between laboratory prototypes and real-world deployment.

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